International RS Airport Terminal ********************************* .. html metadata .. meta:: :description: RS Airport Terminal :keywords: Digital Wind Tunnel, Validation, RS Airport Terminal .. Public Project .. ============== .. .. link to insight page .. `AeroSim Web App`_ .. .. _AeroSim Web App: https://insight.aerosim.io/cp/TODEFINE/ .. animations, surfaces and contours .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/visuals_1.png :alt: RS Airport Terminal :figwidth: 100% :align: center 1. Project Description ====================== The current study numerically reproduces a wind tunnel assessment of International RS Airport Terminal with AeroSim's CFD solver. The building has :math:`B \times W \times H` dimensions in full-scale: .. Comprehensive description of the geometries and dimensions .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/geometry.svg :alt: Building Geometry :figwidth: 100% :align: center For the current analysis, 124 pressure probes distributed across the rooftop surface were selected: .. Probes location and wind direction orientation .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/probes.svg :alt: Probes Layout :max-width: 480px :align: center The wind directions chosen to be simulated were: .. list of analyzed cases .. csv-table:: Wind Directions :file: /_static/airport-terminal/cases.csv :widths: 20, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16 :header-rows: 0 2. Simulation Setup =================== The Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM) boundary condition is applied at the inlet of the computational domain. Solid fins are distributed across the floor to ensure the desired velocity and turbulence profiles at the test section. A Neumann boundary condition is applied at the remaining boundaries. The building is positioned :math:`55H` from inlet, and 6 grid refinement levels (:math:`lvl\,0` to :math:`lvl\,5`) were adopted: .. Top and lateral views, indicating the box and body refinements .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/grid.svg :alt: Computational Grid :figwidth: 100% :align: center A 1:2 refinement ratio is estabilished between levels, and the simulation parameters at the building level were: .. constant simulation parameters .. csv-table:: Dimensionless Parameters :file: /_static/airport-terminal/params.csv :widths: 80, 20 :header-rows: 0 The equivalent parameters in full-scale are: .. full scale parameters .. csv-table:: Full-scale Parameters :file: /_static/airport-terminal/full_scale.csv :widths: 80, 20 :header-rows: 0 The computational resources required were: .. hardware and execution aspects .. csv-table:: Computational Resources :file: /_static/airport-terminal/perf.csv :widths: 28, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16 :header-rows: 0 3. Inflow ========= An empty domain simulation is performed to measure the incident velocity and turbulence profiles. A probe line is placed at the position where the building will be located. The average velocities used for calculating the pressure coefficient and convective time scale are taken from this simulation. Wind Profiles ------------- .. profiles of velocity, turbulence and integral lenght scale .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/inflow/inflow_profile.svg :alt: Inflow Profile :max-width: 640px :align: center Length Scale ------------ The length scale is calculated using the autocorrelation of the longitudinal velocity. Its value is used to reescale the simulated time scale to match the experiment. .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/inflow/length_scale.svg :alt: Length Scale :max-width: 320px :align: center Wind Spectra ------------ The power spectral density of the velocity components at height :math:`H` are compared with theoretical Von Kármán curves to validate the atmospheric flow. .. spectra of velocity components .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/inflow/spectrum.svg :alt: Inflow Spectrum :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. change spectrum legend to top left, over bottom left 4. Results: Local Statistics ============================ The pressure coefficient is calculated using the mean velocity at the building height :math:`H` and the reference pressure measured from a position far above the building. For the peak pressure coefficients, the following procedure was applied for both datasets (numerical experimental): - The sample is subdivided in sub-samples of duration :math:`T`, and a 3s moving-average is applied to all sub-samples. - The smoothed sub-samples are divided in 10 intervals, from which the minimum and maximum values are taken. - The max/min values are fitted into a Gumbel distribution, and the mode :math:`U` is rescaled to a duration of 1h. - A non-excedence probability of 78% is considered for the extreme values. Scatter on Local Statistics --------------------------- The dispersion between numerical and experimental data is quantified using the mean absolute error (MAE) and the normalized mean absolute error (NMAE): .. math:: \mathrm{MAE} = \frac{1}{N_{\mathrm{probes}}}\sum_{i=1}^{N_{\mathrm{probes}}}|q^{\left(i\right)}_{\mathrm{EXP}}-q^{\left(i\right)}_{\mathrm{NUM}}| .. math:: \mathrm{NMAE} = \frac{1}{N_{\mathrm{probes}}}\sum_{i=1}^{N_{\mathrm{probes}}}\frac{|q^{\left(i\right)}_{\mathrm{EXP}}-q^{\left(i\right)}_{\mathrm{NUM}}|}{\left[q^{\left(\mathrm{max}\right)}_{\mathrm{EXP}}-q^{\left(\mathrm{min}\right)}_{\mathrm{EXP}}\right]}\times 100 .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/scatter_000.svg :alt: Scatter 000 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/scatter_023.svg :alt: Scatter 023 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/scatter_045.svg :alt: Scatter 045 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/scatter_068.svg :alt: Scatter 068 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/scatter_090.svg :alt: Scatter 090 :figwidth: 100% :align: center Mean and Peak Pressures ----------------------- The extreme values range for the experimental data is delimited by the sub-samples of duration :math:`T`. .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/mean_peak_000.svg :alt: Mean and Peaks 000 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/mean_peak_023.svg :alt: Mean and Peaks 023 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/mean_peak_045.svg :alt: Mean and Peaks 045 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/mean_peak_068.svg :alt: Mean and Peaks 068 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/mean_peak_090.svg :alt: Mean and Peaks 090 :max-width: 640px :align: center RMS Pressures ------------- .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/rms_000.svg :alt: RMS 000 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/rms_023.svg :alt: RMS 023 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/rms_045.svg :alt: RMS 045 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/rms_068.svg :alt: RMS 068 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/rms_090.svg :alt: RMS 090 :max-width: 640px :align: center Skewness and Kurtosis --------------------- .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/highstats_000.svg :alt: Skew and Kurt 000 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/highstats_023.svg :alt: Skew and Kurt 023 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/highstats_045.svg :alt: Skew and Kurt 045 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/highstats_023.svg :alt: Skew and Kurt 023 :max-width: 640px :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/highstats_090.svg :alt: Skew and Kurt 090 :max-width: 640px :align: center Pressure Spectrum ----------------- .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/spectra_000.svg :alt: Cp Spectrum 000 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/spectra_023.svg :alt: Cp Spectrum 023 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/spectra_045.svg :alt: Cp Spectrum 045 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/spectra_068.svg :alt: Cp Spectrum 068 :figwidth: 100% :align: center .. figure_expand:: /_static/airport-terminal/spectra_090.svg :alt: Cp Spectrum 090 :figwidth: 100% :align: center Execution Notes =============== .. csv-table:: Execution Notes :file: /_static/airport-terminal/exec.csv :widths: 50, 50 :header-rows: 0 Changelog ========= * **30 Oct 2024**: Added scattering plots